Clinical Microbiology Newsletter
Volume 32, Issue 4 , Pages 25-31 , 15 February 2010

Diagnostic Testing for Encephalitis, Part II

  • Julie E. Reznicek, D.O.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
    • Corresponding Author InformationMailing address: Julie E. Reznicek, D.O., Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1161 21st Ave., AA-2200 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2582. Tel.: 615-322-2035. Fax: 615-343-6160
  • ,
  • Karen C. Bloch, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Departments of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee

References 

  1. Lanciotti RS , et al.   Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States . Science . 1999;286:2333–2337
  2. Nash D , et al.   The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999 . N. Engl. J. Med. . 2001;344:1807–1814
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  . West Nile virus activity–United States, 2007 . MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. . 2008;57:720–723
  4. Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, West Nile Virus. Statistics, surveillance, and control. (Accessed 10 November 2008 . http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control CaseCount06_detailed.htm
  5. Hayes EB , et al.   Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease . Emerg. Infect. Dis. . 2005;11:1174–1179
  6. Murray, K.O., et al. 2008. Long-term clinical sequelae and rates of recovery following infection with West Nile virus. In International Confer. Emerg. Infect. Dis., March 17, 2008, Atlanta, GA.
  7. Tyler KL , et al.   CSF findings in 250 patients with serologically confirmed West Nile virus meningitis and encephalitis . Neurology . 2006;66:361–365
  8. Tilley PA , et al.   Nucleic acid testing for West Nile virus RNA in plasma enhances rapid diagnosis of acute infection in symptomatic patients . J. Infect. Dis. . 2006;193:1361–1364
  9. Busch MP , et al.   Screening the blood supply for West Nile virus RNA by nucleic acid amplification testing . N. Engl. J. Med. . 2005;353:460–467
  10. Lanciotti RS , et al.   Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay . J. Clin. Microbiol. . 2000;38:4066–4071
  11. Iwamoto M , et al.   Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients . N. Engl. J. Med. . 2003;348:2196–2203
  12. Campbell GL , et al.   West Nile virus . Lancet Infect. Dis. . 2002;2:519–529
  13. Petersen LR , Marfin AA , Gubler DJ . West Nile virus . JAMA . 2003;290:524–528
  14. Roehrig JT , et al.   Persistence of virus-reactive serum immunoglobulin M antibody in confirmed West Nile virus encephalitis cases . Emerg. Infect. Dis. . 2003;9:376–379
  15. Tyler KL . West Nile virus infection in the United States . Arch. Neurol. . 2004;61:1190–1195
  16. Calisher CH . Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada . Clin. Microbiol. Rev. . 1994;7:89–116
  17. Fishbein DB , Robinson LE . Rabies . N. Engl. J. Med. . 1993;329:1632–1638
  18. Lapierre V , Tiberghien P . Transmission of rabies from an organ donor . N. Engl. J. Med. . 2005;352:2552
  19. Anonymous  . Human rabies prevention–United States, 1999 . Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm. Rep. . 1999;48:1–21
  20. Hankins DG , Rosekrans JA . Overview, prevention, and treatment of rabies . Mayo Clin. Proc. . 2004;79:671–676
  21. Anonymous  . Human rabies–Tennessee, 2002 . MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. . 2002;51:828–829
  22. Crepin P , et al.   Intravitam diagnosis of human rabies by PCR using saliva and cerebrospinal fluid . J. Clin. Microbiol. . 1998;36:1117–1121
  23. Nagaraj T , et al.   Ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: comparison of real time and conventional RT-PCR techniques . J. Clin. Virol. . 2006;36:17–23
  24. Debre R , et al.   Cat scratch disease . Sem. Hop. . 1950;26:1895–1904
  25. Carithers HA , Margileth AM . Cat-scratch disease. Acute encephalopathy and other neurologic manifestations . Am. J. Dis. Child. . 1991;145:98–101
  26. Florin TA , Zaoutis TE , Zaoutis LB . Beyond cat scratch disease: widening spectrum of Bartonella henselae infection . Pediatrics . 2008;121:e1413–e1425
  27. Marra CM . Neurologic complications of Bartonella henselae infection . Curr. Opin. Neurol. . 1995;8:164–169
  28. Ben-Ami R , et al.   Cat-scratch disease in elderly patients . Clin. Infect. Dis. . 2005;41:969–974
  29. Zangwill KM , et al.   Cat scratch disease in Connecticut. Epidemiology, risk factors, and evaluation of a new diagnostic test . N. Engl. J. Med. . 1993;329:313–328
  30. Hadley S , Albrecht MA , Tarsy D . Cat-scratch encephalopathy: a cause of status epilepticus and coma in a healthy young adult . Neurology . 1995;45:196
  31. Margileth AM . Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of cat scratch disease . Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. . 2000;2:141–146
  32. Gerber JE , et al.   Fatal meningitis and encephalitis due to Bartonella henselae bacteria . J. Forensic Sci. . 2002;47:640–644
  33. George TI , et al.   Detection of Bartonella henselae by polymerase chain reaction in brain tissue of an immunocompromised patient with multiple enhancing lesions. Case report and review of the literature . J. Neurosurg. . 1998;89:640–644
  34. Parrott JH , et al.   Central nervous system infection associated with Bartonella quintana: a report of two cases . Pediatrics . 1997;100:403–408
  35. Dalton MJ , et al.   Use of Bartonella antigens for serologic diagnosis of cat-scratch disease at a national referral center . Arch. Intern. Med. . 1995;155:1670–1676
  36. Louis ED , et al.   Diagnostic guidelines in central nervous system Whipple's disease . Ann. Neurol. . 1996;40:561–568
  37. Keinath RD , et al.   Antibiotic treatment and relapse in Whipple's disease . Long-term follow-up of 88 patients. Gastroenterology . 1985;88:1867–1873
  38. Gerard A , et al.   Neurologic presentation of Whipple disease: report of 12 cases and review of the literature . Medicine (Baltimore) . 2002;81:443–457
  39. von Herbay A , et al.   Whipple's disease: staging and monitoring by cytology and polymerase chain reaction analysis of cerebrospinal fluid . Gastroenterology . 1997;113:434–441
  40. von Herbay A , et al.   Epidemiology of Whipple's disease in Germany. Analysis of 110 patients diagnosed in 1965–95 . Scand. J. Gastroenterol. . 1997;32:52–57
  41. Enzinger F , Helwig E . Whipple's disease; a review of the literature and report of fifteen patients . Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. . 1963;336:238–269
  42. Fenollar F , Puechal X , Raoult D . Whipple's disease . N. Engl. J. Med. . 2007;356:55–66
  43. Muller SA , et al.   Deadly carousel or difficult interpretation of new diagnostic tools for Whipple's disease: case report and review of the literature . Infection . 2005;33:39–42
  44. Dutly F , Altwegg M . Whipple's disease and “Tropheryma whippelii.” Clin . Microbiol. Rev. . 2001;14:561–583
  45. Baisden BL , et al.   Diagnosis of Wihipple disease by immunohistochemical analysis: a sensitive and specific method for the detection of Tropheryma whipplei (the Whipple bacillus) in paraffin-embedded tissue . Am. J. Clin. Pathol. . 2002;118:742–748
  46. Dumler JS , et al.   Immunodetection of Tropheryma whipplei in intestinal tissues from Dr. Whipple's 1907 patient . N. Engl. J. Med. . 2003;348:1411–1412
  47. Wilson KH , et al.   Phylogeny of the Whipple's-disease-associated bacterium . Lancet . 1991;338:474–475
  48. Relman DA , et al.   Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple's disease . N. Engl. J. Med. . 1992;327:293–301
  49. Fenollar F , et al.   Quantitative detection of Tropheryma whipplei DNA by real-time PCR . J. Clin. Microbiol. . 2002;40:1119–1120
  50. Fenollar F , Raoult D . Molecular techniques in Whipple's disease . Exp. Rev. Mol. Diagn. . 2001;1:299–309
  51. Schneider T , et al.   Whipple's disease: new aspects of pathogenesis and treatment . Lancet Infect. Dis. . 2008;8:179–190
  52. Olmos M , et al.   Decision analysis: an aid to the diagnosis of Whipple's disease . Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. . 2006;23:833–840
  53. Bitnun A , et al.   Acute childhood encephalitis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae . Clin. Infect. Dis. . 2001;32:1184–1674
  54. Narita M , et al.   Analysis of mycoplasmal central nervous system involvement by polymerase chain reaction . Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. . 1995;14:236–237
  55. Bitnun A , et al.   Mycoplasma pneumoniae encephalitis . Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. . 2003;14:96–107
  56. Moule JH , Caul EO , Wreghitt TG . The specific IgM response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: interpretation and application to early diagnosis . Epidemiol. Infect. . 1987;99:685–692
  57. Golden MR , Marra CM , Holmes KK . Update on syphilis: resurgence of an old problem . JAMA . 2003;290:1510–1514
  58. Szilak I , et al.   Neurosyphilis presenting as herpes simplex encephalitis . Clin. Infect. Dis. . 2001;32:1108–1109
  59. Denays R , et al.   A 51-year-old woman with disorientation and amnesia . Lancet . 1999;354:1786
  60. Pohlmann-Eden B , et al.   Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges – a critical review . J. Clin. Neurophysiol. . 1996;13:519–530
  61. Marano E , et al.   Neurosyphilis with complex partial status epilepticus and mesiotemporal MRI abnormalities mimicking herpes simplex encephalitis . J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry . 2004;75:833
  62. Bash S , Hathout GM , Cohen S . Mesiotemporal T2-weighted hyperintensity: neurosyphilis mimicking herpes encephalitis . Am. J. Neuroradiol. . 2001;22:314–316
  63. Vieira Santos A , et al.   Differential diagnosis of mesiotemporal lesions: case report of neurosyphilis . Neuroradiol. . 2005;47:664–667
  64. Roos KL . Pearls and pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of central nervous system infectious diseases . Semin. Neurol. . 1998;18:185–196
  65. Noordhoek GT , et al.   Detection by polymerase chain reaction of Treponema pallidum DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from neurosyphilis patients before and after antibiotic treatment . J. Clin. Microbiol. . 1991;29:1976–1984
  66. Davis LE , Beckham JD , Tyler KL . North American encephalitic arboviruses . Neurol. Clin. . 2008;26:727–757 ix.

 Editor's Note: Part I of this article appeared in the February 1, 2010 issue of CMN (Volume 32, Number 3).

PII: S0196-4399(10)00004-8

doi: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2010.01.003

Clinical Microbiology Newsletter
Volume 32, Issue 4 , Pages 25-31 , 15 February 2010